Description
Preface. 4 Introduction. 6 1.1 Aims and scope. 6 1.2 Innovation perspective. 10 1.3 Data and method. 18 1.4 Chapters and sections. 28 Energy Resources and Pollution. 30 2.1 Introduction. 30 2.2 Renewable energy resources. 32 2.3 Fossil fuel resources. 36 2.4 Shifts in energy resources. 38 2.5 Growing pollution. 47 2.6 Conclusions. 53 Changing energy economies. 55 3.1 Introduction. 55 3.2 Income and energy growth. 57 3.3 Energy prices and consumption. 64 3.4 Energy-efficient technologies. 68 3.5 Valuable energy services. 74 3.6 Conclusions. 81 Inventions in Renewable Energy. 83 4.1 Introduction. 83 4.2 Lead-time in energy technologies. 85 4.3 Business interests in innovations. 101 4.4 Chances for innovations. 108 4.5 Financing innovations. 113 4.6 Conclusions. 117 Innovating in renewable energy. 119 5.1 Introduction. 119 5.2 Prices and modern renewable energy. 120 5.3 Energy subsidies. 124 5.4 Support for renewable energy. 129 5.5 Stakeholders in renewable energy. 133 5.6 Start-ups and Employment 137 5.7 Types of decision-making. 139 5.8 Social acceptance and benefits. 143 5.9 Cost-reducing change. 145 5.10 Conclusions. 151 Diffusion of renewable energy. 154 6.1 Introduction. 154 6.2 Decarbonisation trends. 155 6.3 Hydrogen for the decarbonisation. 158 6.4 Distributed energy systems. 164 6.5 Value-added energy services. 169 6.6 Global valorisation. 172 6.7 Conclusion. 176 For a fair, clean energy. 178 7.1 Context 178 7.2 Resources and lower pollution. 179 7.3 Increasing energy performance. 180 7.4 Higher chances for innovations. 182 7.5 Improvements in decision-making. 184 7.6 Enhancing valorisation of energy services. 186 7.6 Summary mechanisms of change. 188 Appendices. 189 Appendix 1 Calculation methods. 189 Appendix 2 Countries income and energy. 193 Appendix 3 Success rates of innovations in EU.. 196 Appendix 4 Checklist possible benefits. 197 Appendix 5 Carbon intensity, performance, efficiency. 199 Appendix 6 Inputs and outputs of hydrogen production. 200 Appendix 7 Indicators of the valorisation. 202 Literature. 204
