Description
List of Photo Contributors xi Preface xii Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 What is “Fieldwork?” 1 Who Does Fieldwork? 5 Why Am I Doing this? 8 References 18 2 Types of Fieldwork 19 Experimental Design 19 Plot Experiment 19 Survey 22 Case Study 24 Monitoring 26 Sampling Design 29 Event Sampling 32 Grab Versus Composite Sampling 33 Sampling for Laboratory Studies 35 References 35 3 Preparation 37 Site Selection 37 Where Do I Need to Look? 37 Risk Assessment 40 Emergency 45 Equipment 46 Tools 46 Consumables 49 Maps, Apps, and Fieldsheets 49 Local or Regional Maps 52 Sketch Maps 52 Plot Diagrams 53 Mobile Apps 54 Field Sheets 55 Photographs 57 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 61 Vehicles 63 Weather 68 Target Conditions 68 Precipitation 69 Humidity and Temperature 70 Wind 73 Sunlight 73 Soil Conditions 73 River Conditions 75 Concluding Remarks 76 References 76 4 Logistics 77 Communication 77 Your Team 79 The Local Community 81 Officials 82 The Buddy System 83 Checklists 85 The Importance of the “Trial Run” 85 In the Field 86 Things Go Wrong! 87 Delays 87 Errors 88 Standard Operating Procedures and Quality Control 89 Accidents 90 Vandalism, Theft, and Interference 93 Moving On 93 Taking Care of Yourself in the Field 94 Dressing for the Field 94 Hydration 99 Food 100 Toilet 101 Moving in the Outdoors 102 Fatigue 105 Personal Safety 106 Stress 107 Accommodation 109 Sample Management 110 Packaging Samples 110 Labeling 113 Wildlife 114 A Note on Insects 115 Domestic Animals 116 Zoonoses and Biosecurity 117 References 121 5 Environmental Monitoring 123 Resolution, Precision, Accuracy, and Hysteresis 123 Monitoring Arrays: An Overview 126 Components 129 Logger-Box or Enclosure 129 The Data-Logger 129 Power 132 Power Calculation — Example 136 Sensors 138 Air, Soil, and Water Temperature 138 Stage 139 Humidity 140 Wind Speed 140 Rain Gauges 140 Volumetric Soil Water Content 142 Matric Potential 144 Step-by-Step Installation 145 References 154 6 Soil Techniques 157 Soil Sampling Equipment 157 Soil Survey 157 Pore-Water Sampling 179 References 181 7 Water Techniques 182 Surface Water Sampling — Freshwater 183 Instream Parameters 184 Stream Width and Depth 184 Physico-Chemical Parameters 186 Using a Multiparameter Probe 187 Sampling for Laboratory Analysis 190 Autosamplers 193 Sediment (Bed, Bank, and Water Column) 196 Groundwater Sampling 203 Microbial and Sterile Sampling 208 Soil and Sediments 209 Water 209 Sample Preservation 210 References 211 8 Plants 213 Finding a Slope 213 Randomizing Plots 214 Marking Field Plots 214 Applying Treatment to Field Plots 216 Phenology 219 Wheat 220 Corn 221 Perennial Forage Grasses 222 Soybeans 223 Vegetation Sampling 224 Root Sampling 231 Plant Height 232 Yield 235 Forage Crops 235 Grain Crops 238 References 239 9 Animal Techniques 242 Live-Catch Trapping 242 Use of Trail Cameras 247 References 249
